溪流生态系统次生盐化的生态学研究进展

溪流次生盐化是人类活动干扰导致可溶性盐向水体迁移从而造成盐浓度异常增高的现象,由于干扰类型(如农业生产、河岸带植被破坏、采矿废水与污水排放等)的不同,溪流次生盐化呈现出溶解性无机离子组成复杂、盐浓度间歇性波动等特点. 已有研究发现:①溪流次生盐化会造成藻类、底栖动物和鱼类的群落结构产生变化,主要包括物种丰度、生物量、生物多样性、功能摄食类群等方面;②高盐环境对非耐盐物种产生胁迫从而降低其出现频率,敏感底栖动物会增加漂移行为以选择低盐环境,而敏感鱼类则消失;③耐盐物种应对高盐胁迫有不同策略,如卵胎生的产卵方式以减少在高盐环境中的时间,或拥有较强的渗透调节能力维持体内渗透平衡. 主要问题:①影响水生生物的可能是单一离子又或是离子组合,不同盐化水体所增加的离子类型及浓度都有很大差别,而要逐一探明单一离子及离子组合的影响需要巨大的工作量;②野外研究常以电导率或ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解性固体)表征盐化程度,而电导率或ρ(TDS)会改变有机污染物、重金属的生物毒性,也会与营养盐、悬浮物等因子产生交互作用,难以确定盐化对水生生物的独立影响. 因此,今后需关注全球变暖背景下次生盐化与营养盐、重金属的耦合作用,注重我国本土水生生物的耐受性及其适应调节机制,并重视基于野外调查与室内试验两类不同数据所获得水生生物适盐范围的对比验证;同时为满足水生生物健康保护,应加强对溪流次生盐化有指示作用的水质监测指标的开发及阈值的制订.      

经济植物湿地处理洱海流域低污染河水的性能

为研究水生经济植物湿地对洱海流域低污染河水的处理效果,在洱海北部罗时江入湖河口建设了面积为2 hm2水生经济植物湿地,其中水生经济植物包括4种水生蔬菜——空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq.)、水芹菜〔Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC〕、茭白〔Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf)〕,3种药用植物——香茶菜〔Rabdosia amethystoides (Benth.)〕、灯心草(Juncus albesens)、水菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)和1种观赏植物——美人蕉(Canna indica L.). 结果表明:湿地对TN、TP、NH₃-N、NO₃--N均具良好去除效果,近3个月运行期间,平均去除率分别为66.4%、60.3%、60.4%和73.2%;但该湿地对COD_Mn的平均去除率仅为5.0%. 不同湿地水生经济植物表现出了不同的水质净化能力,其中TN平均去除效率表现为水芹菜>香茶菜>美人蕉>茭白>空心菜>薄荷,TP平均去除效率表现为水芹菜>薄荷>美人蕉>香茶菜>空心菜>茭白. 研究表明,水生经济植物湿地对低污染河水具有良好的净化效果,在洱海流域具有推广意义.      

In situ monitoring of atmospheric nitrous acid based on multi-pumping flow system and liquid waveguide capillary cell

In the last four decades, various techniques including spectroscopic, wet chemical and mass spectrometric methods, have been developed and applied for the detection of ambient nitrous acid (HONO). We developed a HONO detection system based on long path photometry which consists of three independent modules i.e., sampling module, fluid propulsion module and detection module. In the propulsion module, solenoid pumps are applied. With solenoid pumps the pulsed flow can be computer controlled both in terms of pump stroke volume and pulse frequency, which enables the attainment of a very stable flow rate. In the detection module, a customized Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) is used. The customized LWCC pre-sets the optical fiber in-coupling with the liquid wave guide, providing the option of fast startup and easy maintenance of the absorption photometry. In summer 2014, our system was deployed in a comprehensive campaign at a rural site in the North China Plain. More than one month of high quality HONO data spanning from the limit of detection to 5 ppb were collected. Intercomparison of our system with another established system from Forschungszentrum Juelich is presented and discussed. In conclusion, our instrument achieved a detection limit of 10 pptV within 2 min and a measurement uncertainty of 7%, which is well suited for investigation of the HONO budget from urban to rural conditions in China.     

基于水生态系统结构特征的滇池流域水生态功能三级分区

水生态功能分区的目的是为了实现中国流域的"分区、分类、分级、分期"管理的精细管理理念,而水生态系统结构是水生态系统完整性的基础,也是区分不同区域生境特征与功能差异的重要指标.因此,为了实现更精细化的湖泊流域管理,在滇池流域完成水生态功能二级分区基础上,基于水生态系统结构特征进一步对滇池流域进行三级区划,进而反映流域水生态功能的空间异质性.以反映水生态系统结构的物理、化学与生物特征为依据,分别构建了滇池流域陆域与湖体的三级分区指标体系;通过对三级分区单元指标综合值进行聚类分级,最终将滇池流域的水生态功能三级分区划分为20个陆域区和4个湖体区,并利用底栖与藻类的生物数据对分区进行合理性评价.最后基于生态服务功能理论,结合滇池流域自身特点与管理需求,将滇池流域三级分区定义为不同的水生态功能类型.通过对滇池流域水生态功能三级分区的划分以及主体功能的确定,不仅为滇池流域水生态健康管理构建了空间管理单元,而且为湖泊水生态功能分区的研究提供了案例.     

湛江东海岛海雾雾水化学特征的对比分析

利用2010年和2011年在广东省湛江市东海岛海雾外场观测试验中获得的雾水样本和雾滴谱资料,对南海沿岸海雾化学特性进行研究.结果表明:2010年雾水的p H和电导率(EC)平均值分别为5.20和1884μS·cm-1,2011年的p H和EC平均值分别为3.34和505μS·cm-1.2011年雾水酸性变强的原因主要考虑到酸性物质比重增加.海洋源离子Cl-和Na+的离子浓度很高;SO_2-4和NO-3具有同源性,人为污染的贡献明显.2010和2011年总离子浓度(TIC)的平均值分别为38260μeq·L~(-1)和5600μeq·L~(-1),而实际大气中离子负荷量相差不大,主要是由于2011年观测地点海拔高度的升高会降低湍流因子的影响,减少粒径较大雾滴的沉降,从而促使液态水含量增加,在大气中污染物质浓度变化不大的情况下,离子浓度下降.     

Observation of the nighttime nitrate radical in Hefei, China

Observation of nighttime nitrate radical (NO3) was performed by using long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS), on the outskirts of Hefei, China. The time series of NO3 and supporting parameters were simultaneously measured for a week (31 May-7 June 2006). The results indicated that the average concentration of NO3 was 15.6 pptv with an average lifetimes of 96 s, whereas, NO3 production rates varied from 8×105/(cm3·s)to 2.98×107/（cm3·s）. Furthermore, the calculated N2O5 concentration averaged at 380 pptv. Analysis of data indicated that direct sinks were probably dominating the NO3 loss process during this campaign. Finally, the results were compared with other campaigns in the boundary layer.     

浸渍活性炭脱除含硫气体研究进展

介绍了浸渍活性炭脱除含硫气体机理的研究进展,归纳了炭表面化学环境,金属离子及水对转化途径和反应机理的影响,对进气组成和温度、压力、空速等操作条件对脱硫效率的影响进行了讨论,举例说明了浸溃活性炭脱硫应用情况,分析了浸渍活性炭失活原因,对再生方法进行了简要总结。     

城区景观水体生态重建中水生植物和光催化反应器的应用

城区景观水体是居民观赏、休闲、及娱乐的场所,对美化城市人居环境、净化空气、调节区域温度等具有积极作用。由于面源污染等因素,目前中国城区景观水体氮、磷营养盐含量高,藻类泛滥,水生生态系统单一,大多呈现富营养化状态。本文以广州市某景观湖泊为案例,利用低扬程水泵推流,使景观水体形成环流。部分环流经过固载型TiO2光催化反应器、人工湿地处理,再和环流水体汇合。研究表明,光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力,同时减少了藻类在后续人工湿地的沉积,提高了人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等污染物的去除效果。通过近二年的研究和运行维护,有效地遏制了浮游植物的泛滥,景观水体的水质得到改善,水体生态系统多样性得到一定程度的恢复。     

Algal-bloom control by allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes——A review

Algal-bloom control is an important issue for water environment protection as it induces several negative impacts on the lives of aquatic organisms, aquaculture, landscaping, and human health. The development of an environment-friendly, cost-effective, and convenient alternative for controlling algal bloom has gained much concern. Using the allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes as a novel and safe method for algal-bloom control is a promising alternative. This paper reviews the development and potential application about allelopathy of aquatic plants on algae, including the allelopathic research history, the potential research problems, the research methodology, and the reported aquatic macrophytes and their inhibitory allelochemicals. Potential modes of inhibition action of allelochemicals on algae, possible ways for application, and future development directions of research on algal-bloom control by aquatic macrophytes were also presented.